Mental Health Issues Among Hiv Health And Social Care Essay

This literature reappraisal aims at researching the Global load of HIV and its relationship with mental wellness, Identifying mental and psychological wellness issues experienced by the HIV positive patients. The reappraisal besides aims at analysing the effects of these mental wellness issues in disease patterned advance and overall impact of these issues on their quality of life. Furthermore, the reappraisal will besides research some of the Global and regional enterprises for proviso of mental wellness installations to this vulnerable population. Finally the reappraisal concludes with the critical assessment and spreads with my research inquiry and attack. Methodology/ Search scheme A systematic and comprehensive literature hunt was conducted to reexamine and analyse the bing literature on the topic under survey. A general to specific attack and skimming of the rubric and abstracts was followed to segregate relevant articles. Several nursing and non-nursing informations bases were searched. The hunt scheme is summarized in Figure. I. Initially the hunt was started from the Google bookman cyberspace based database to acquire clasp of the general position of the research job. The Google bookman hunt revealed more than 100,000 consequences which were refined through cardinal words. The hunt was built on with the cardinal words in nursing databases like CINAHL plus ( cumulative index to nursing and allied wellness literature ) , Medline and PubMed, Figure. I. For the intent of seeking more relevant surveies on the research job, lineage attack was followed ; commendations from already searched articles from the databases were used to track other surveies on the simil ar subject. Manual hunt was besides performed in AKUH periodicals like, Current sentiment in HIV and AIDS, HIV medical specialty and Journal of HIV/AIDS & A ; Social Services. This literature reappraisal paper is based on synthesis of 8 surveies and 2 literature reappraisals extracted from different beginnings, combination of Western and Asiatic context, and a combination of qualitative and quantitative surveies. Abstractions, conference proceedings and commentaries were excluded. However, WHO, UNAIDS and World Bank studies on HIV were included. No surveies were found from Pakistani context in respect to mental wellness issues among HIV patients. Background and significance of the Research job Global Burden of HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( HIV ) remains a existent menace to the wellness and socioeconomic well-being of many of the states of the universe. Harmonizing to the World Health Organization ( 2011 ) planetary sum-up of the AIDS epidemic, the entire figure of people populating with HIV is 34.0 million out of which 30.7 million are grownups, 16.7 million are adult females and 3.3 million histories for kids & lt ; 15 old ages of age. There is a considerable fluctuation in tendencies globally. Kilmarx ( 2009 ) indicates a lessening in HIV prevalence in Burma, Cambodia, and Thailand, whereas increasing quickly in Pakistan, Vietnam, and some states of Indonesia. Furthermore, there is an increasing advancement of new infections in the really thickly settled states of Bangladesh and China. Ma, Zhang, He et Al ( 2007 ) lists the major factors lending towards HIV globally and in most Asiatic states which are, injection drug usage, sex work, male-male sex, and overlap in these behaviours. Relationship between HIV and mental wellness HIV is one of the most complicated societal challenges faced by modern-day societies due to its strong ties with sexual and social stigmatized behaviour. Asante ( 2012 ) states that one time diagnosed with HIV, it may take to lower self- regard, uneffective header and societal isolation and hapless psychological well-being. The WHO ( 2008 ) study on HIV AIDS and mental wellness comment mental wellness and HIV/AIDS as closely interlinked. Mental wellness jobs including substance maltreatment are associated with increased hazard of HIV infection and AIDS and interfere with their intervention. While on the other manus, some mental upsets occur as a direct consequence of HIV infection. It is of import to understand that mental wellness issues in HIV positive patients may be associated with negative experiences and hapless attachment to intervention regimens, taking to greater HIV hazard behaviour, and lower quality of life which is a critical factor in HIV attention and bar. WHO ( 2008 ) besides affirms the exposure of mental upsets that may interfere with the ability to get or utilize information about HIV and pattern safe behaviours. Collins, Hollman, Freeman, and Patel ( 2006 ) reveal that depression consequences in worst results for people populating with HIV and those with anxiousness, temper and substance maltreatment upsets demonstrate a less or decelerate response towards anti-retroviral therapy as compared to those without any mental unwellness. Critical Analysis of the Literature Based on the critical analysis of the research articles, following subjects were identified which are discussed in item below. The surveies were a combination of qualitative and quantitative, largely cross-sectional surveies with assorted methods. A assortment of tools were used in these surveies to analyze different facets e.g. demographic informations, behaviours and mental wellness issues. Prevalence of Mental Health issues among HIV positive persons World Health Organization ( 2008 ) study on HIV AIDS and mental wellness study higher rates of depression in HIV-positive people compared with control groups both in low- and high income states. Surveies in India have systematically reported a high prevalence of mental wellness jobs among HIV positive patients as compared to the general population ( Das & A ; Leibowitz, 2011 ) . Similar survey in United States besides reveals 22-32 % prevalence of depression in HIV infected persons which is 2-3 clip higher than prevalence of depression in general community ( Bing, et al. , 2001 ) . The findings from these surveies are important and thought arousing in footings of prevalence of mental wellness issues among HIV population as compared to controls. These findings suggest the demand for turn toing mental wellness issues pertinent to HIV population. Stigma and Discrimination A important figure of research workers reported that societal stigma and favoritism of HIV septic persons, ( Das & A ; Leibowitz, 2011 ; Li, Lee, Thammawijaya, Jiraphongsa, & A ; Rotheram-Borus, 2009 ) fright and weakness ( Whetten, Reif, Whetten, & A ; Murphy-McMillan, 2008 ) , cause greater mental and psychological convulsion which finally leads to mental wellness jobs. The stigma attached with being HIV positive creates a sense of ineptitude and the persons develop an attitude of conveying the virus as retaliation. Shin, et al. , ( 2011 ) performed a qualitative analysis to place the factors that contribute to hapless emotional wellness and its impact among Peruvian HIV-infected persons. Focus group treatments with patients and suppliers were conducted. Analysis revealed a thoughtful penetration into the profound impact of stigma, depression, isolation, and deficiency of societal support among these patients. Furthermore it was found that populating with HIV, contributed significa ntly to mental wellness jobs experienced by HIV-positive persons. The survey besides reported incidences of sing hopelessness, stigma, and socio-economic marginalisation of many of these patients one time diagnosed with HIV. These consequences were consistent with another survey by Jin, Zhao, Zhang, Feng, and Wu ( 2010 ) to look into the psychological position and the psychosocial experiences of HIV-positive people. The results of this survey suggest that HIV-positive people in eastern China besides suffered from psychological hurt and see a negative psychosocial environment one time stigmatized as HIV positive. These surveies reveal that HIV positive persons experience important stigma and favoritism which has a profound impact on their psychological and mental wellness and its association with their overall quality of life. Depression, Mood /Anxiety upsets and substance maltreatment In one of the survey by Bing, et al. , ( 2001 ) to mensurate the prevalence of mental upsets and drug usage among HIV positive persons in United States, half of the population screened positive for either one or more psychiatric upsets ( temper upsets, dysthymic depression, generalised anxiousness upsets and major depression ) . Furthermore, about half of the population reported usage of illicit drug out of which 12 % were drug dependant. Similar survey in Denmark by Rodkjaer, Laursen, Balle, and Sodemann, ( 2010 ) found to hold a 38 % prevalence of depression among the HIV positive participants. The normally reported mental wellness issues in assorted other surveies were found to be mood/ anxiousness diagnosing ( 39 % ) substance maltreatment ( 21 % ) clinically relevant depression ( 76 % ) and post-traumatic emphasis upset ( 11 % ) ( Pence, Miller, Whetten, Eron & A ; Gaynes, 2006 ) , depression 62.3 % and anxiousness 82.3 % severally ( Morrison, et al. , 2011 ) . Studies in India besides support the high prevalence of depressive upsets, anxiousness, accommodation upsets, self-destructive purposes and efforts and intoxicant dependance among HIV positive persons ( Collins, Hollman, freewoman & A ; Patel, 2006 ) . Whetten, Reif, Whetten, and Murphy-McMillan ( 2008 ) attributed mental unwellness including depression, anxiousness, and posttraumatic emphasis upset ( PTSD ) related to HIV, as associated with hapless wellness results including attachment to medicine regimens and HIV hazard behaviour, such as unprotected sex and needle sharing. The overall impact suggests the increased magnitude of mental wellness upsets including depression, substance maltreatment, general anxiousness upsets, self-destructive ideation, self-destructive efforts and substance maltreatment among HIV positive patients. Social support and internalized shame: Another subject which was found in few surveies was internalized shame and societal support. Li, Lee, Thammawijaya, Jiraphongsa, and Rotheram-Borus, ( 2009 ) carried out a research in Thailand to analyze relationship among HIV related stigma, internalized shame and societal support and its impact on quality of life of life of HIV positive persons. The consequences revealed a important negative association among societal support, internalized shame ( p= 0.001 ) and stigma ( p= & lt ; 0.05 ) . Furthermore important correlativity was found between depression and internalized shame ( p & lt ; 0.001 ) . Similar survey was sought in Ghana by Asante ( 2012 ) to look into the association between psychological well-being of HIV positives and societal support. Consequences revealed a negative association of depression, emphasis and anxiousness with societal support. This indicates that societal support is reciprocally relative to stigma, depression and internalized shame and some alterations i n the societal environment may take to successful psychological version towards HIV. Mental wellness services for HIV patients ; Global and regional positions The critical demand to turn to mental wellness issues among HIV population is recognized globally. However, Reif, Whetten & A ; Raper ( 2006 ) believes that important dearth in entree to mental wellness persists for this susceptible population. The WHO ( 2008 ) study on HIV/ AIDS and mental wellness proposed a series of faculties and developing stuff for integrating of mental wellness intercessions into antiretroviral therapy plans. However, the application and effectivity of these faculties have yet to be studied. Apart from WHO initiatives, Baingana, Thomas and Comblain ( 2005 ) affirms that The World Bank is presently â€Å" the largest long-run investor in the bar and extenuation of HIV/AIDS in developing states † ( p.2 ) . Despite holding identified mental wellness issues as â€Å" an of import emerging wellness job for developing market economic systems † ( p.2 ) , it has yet non significantly addressed the function of mental wellness in the HIV/AIDS pandemic. On the other manus, Khan and Hyder ( 2001 ) in their article reference that private academic centres in Pakistan have played their function in carry oning surveies related to HIV prevalence and cognition consciousness and besides supplying appropriate medical installations and reding the HIV patients and households but these installations are limited and general populace has less entree to them. The nature of reding nevertheless, is non explicitly defined by the writers. The analysis from the literature exhibits deficient informations in Pakistani cultural context sing mental wellness challenges of people populating with HIV, which could be used to supply the necessary services to run into the turning demands of HIV positive population. Hence, significant relevant information demands be collected in order to propose specific mental wellness services for these persons entirely. Critical assessment and Gaps After an in-depth critical reappraisal on the literature, it was found that up till now there has been a famine of research on the prevalence of HIV and its associated factors. However, limited researches have been done on the selected job of mental wellness issues among this population globally. Global Initiative on Psychiatry GIP ( 2008 ) clearly regards the deductions of untreated mental morbidity as both mental wellness and human rights issue. It farther emphasizes that the strong nexus between mental wellness and HIV is a fact but really small attending has been paid to this association. There seems a deficiency of grounds sing mental wellness issues in developing states like Pakistan. The grounds for this could be unequal informations, societal stigma attached to HIV in the state and under reported HIV instances ( Khan & A ; Hyder, 2001 ) .The groundss above ascertain the significance of the inquiry under survey. Furthermore, no grounds of such survey which could research the mental wellness issues of HIV positive persons in Pakistan was found during the literature hunt. Restatement of Research Question As portion of my thesis, my research inquiry after this reappraisal would be: â€Å" What mental wellness issues are prevailing among HIV positive patients in Pakistan, and what is the impact of these mental wellness issues in their perceptual experience, over disease patterned advance and quality of life? † This could be a assorted methodological analysis, i.e. a combination of qualitative and quantitative attack. Appropriate tools would be selected for measuring specific parts of the research inquiry after proof. Focus group treatments and interviews may be used where relevant to acquire the responses. Decision The analysis of the literature reveals that mental wellness jobs are widespread among the known HIV-positive patient population. These jobs include but are non limited to stigma, and societal isolation, anxiousness, major depression, substance maltreatment, station traumatic emphasis upsets, societal isolation and many more. The findings indicate that important attending to these issues in context of HIV intervention and bar must be warranted ( Whetten, Reif, Whetten, & A ; Murphy-McMillan, 2008 ) . The high prevalence of these upsets suggests the demand for more mental wellness attention installations for HIV-positive patients particularly in less developed and developing states like Pakistan. There is unequal guidance and psychiatric services available for this population particularly in low income states. The mental wellness intercession must non be undermined for these HIV positive persons. Healthcare bureaus must understand the psychosocial and socio cultural context of HIV, gua rantee intervention attachment and bar and work at their best to relieve mental wellness jobs among HIV positive patients. This vulnerable population calls for a suited place in the society and ensured optimal quality of life.

Girl’s dancing Essay

The failure of Parris to determine a cause for the girl’s dancing leads to another key character, Reverend Hale of Beverly. From the moment he enters the act, he is portrayed as a man of arrogance and over confidence. Yet, he seems embarrassed when Proctor praises him, contradicting his exterior demeanor. In the early course of the play, Hale is a force behind the conviction of so-called ‘witches’ and he is continually probing people to confess. Like most of the other characters in the play, Hale himself is also afraid of the unknown, despite his ‘experience’ with incidents of this kind in the past. He remarks that no matter what religious status an individual may occupy, they may still be accused of dealing with the devil. In a clear contrast to the beginning of the play he appears uncertain if the girls are telling the truth, but is reluctant to show his suspicions until the very end of the play. Tragically, his suspicions are told too late, as the trials no longer remain in his hands. His reluctance to speak what he actually believed in condemned many more people, which means that Hale is a key figure in showing how innocent people can be convicted and ‘murdered’ so easily by the girls. John Proctor plays the most prominent role in the play, as Arthur Miller gradually brings him into the affray as more and more people become convicted, one of whom is his wife, Elizabeth. Proctor is regarded as a strong figure in the society of Salem, yet his past life continues to haunt him however, as he has committed the sin of adultery with none other than Abigail Williams herself before the play. Once the trials begin, Proctor realises he can stop Abigail’s rampage through Salem, if he confesses to his sin of adultery. This would ruin his reputation in the society, so he is reluctant to confess. This likens Proctor to Reverend Parris at this stage, as he they are both intent on keeping their good reputations. Towards the end of the play however, this changes as Proctor is prepared to lose his reputation by confessing to adultery and finding the truth. His confession arrives too late however, as the matters in the court have gone too far. This now likens him to Reverend Hale, as both of them form an invisible alliance in the courtroom, as both know that Abigail is manipulating the judges and is clearly lying. Proctor is also portrayed as an ‘un-Christian’ being in the mind of the court when Hale questions him about his Christianity. This lack of religious belief in him is a key factor in the court proceedings once Proctor is brought before them. However Miller creates sympathy with the 20th century audience for Proctor by creating hostility towards other characters. The sympathy is also shown at the end of the play when Proctor refuses to give up his name in order to establish the truth. This gives the audience the impression that Proctor is a man of integrity and is willing to give up everything for the truth. Judge Danforth is the key figure in the condemnation of the accused persons. He is, like Parris, portrayed as a man intent on keeping his reputation rather than finding the truth. He enters the play as the trials begin, having no background knowledge of what has gone on in the society before the trials involving Proctor and Abigail, and has no knowledge of people’s ways of thinking and attitudes towards others. These factors ultimately are the main reasons why people are convicted in Danforth’s court, and not because of witchcraft. During the court case in act three involving Proctor and Abigail, all the truthful evidence that Proctor gives against Abigail is ignored by Danforth, as he is easily distracted by Abigail’s lies. This shows that Danforth and the court’s justice is flawed. The flawed justice of the court is another clear reason of how Salem’s society is able to convict people so easily. He also expects people to side with the court by saying: ‘ †¦ A person is either with this court or against it. ‘ This shows that if you were against the court then you would be persecuted. During the case, his justice is frequently questioned, which angers him, as he is not used to having his justice questioned.. Danforth’s belief in the truth fluctuates, as there are points where he begins to doubt Abigail’s story such as where he ‘studies Abigail for a minute’. However, to wash away all of Danforth’s doubts Abigail pretends to have ‘visions’. This works on every occasion, and therefore proves that the court’s justice is again flawed if it can be manipulated so easily by a mere 17-year-old Christian girl on a quest for love. The cause many people would believe of the outpouring of accusations and convictions in Salem would be Abigail Williams, but the detail that surrounds the events is immense. There are many different key figures surrounding the deaths and all play a large part in the events that took place after the ‘dancin’ occurred.

Censoring Huckleberry Finn

Looking back at the researchers, teachers and students of Huckleberry Finn, we all know that high school grows, finds yourself, and is a time to experience different personality of different people. It will also help you prepare for a world that can quickly deal with various people and situations. If you forgive some part of the real world, you are not ready to face life problems and dilemmas. Truncated Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn is a typical example of closing the real world. In an iterative discussion on whether to reexamine Huckleberry Finn Adventures for high school students, I firmly stand on the side of the insects of traditionalism books encouraging the importance of literature as a lens of observation history I will. . Of course, studying the cultural outputs of every society provides a window to history - enter the intellectual and emotional advantages and disadvantages of humans living at different times or places. For this reason, students should be encouraged to learn art, vision, architecture, music and literature from a wide range of societies and from many eras. Huckleberry Fin's adventure, also known as Mark Twain's novel Huckleberry Finn's Adventure, was published in the UK in 1884 and was published in the United States in 1885. The narrator of this book is Huckleberry Finn. That young man, the oral and dignified speech is perfectly adapted to the scene's detailed, poetic explanation, the brilliant facial expression of the character, and a wide range of comedy. And interpretation of a sophisticated satirical story. Hack escaped his abused father with a raft on a voyage that was long interrupted along with his companion, the runaway slave, and the Mississippi River. On the road, Hack encountered various characters and types, this book depicts almost all people who unforgettably live on the river or along the river. Because of these experiences, Hack learns to overcome traditional racial prejudices and respect and love Jim. Mark Twain's satiri cal work Mark Twain, published in 1885, is his novel Tom Sawyer's Adventure published in 1875. It is a sequel. Huckleberry Finn talks about young teenager Huckleberry Finn and his friendship with Jim, an uneducated slave who escaped from the Mississippi River at various roles and events. The background of the novels occurred in the prewar era of America where slavery and racial prejudice were at the forefront of social problems.

Journal paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Journal paper - Essay Example For instance, people surrounding me get the notion that I am supposed to be aware of all the affairs between the British government and Iraq. On the contrary, I am a male from the young generation of Muslims in Britain. Therefore, I am more inclined to be conscious of social issues that occur within the country than Islam’s external influence on local political affairs (Wade, Kayann and Hunter 82). My identity has shaped the way I interact with the world in a similar way that the most renowned Muslim terrorists have. For instance, Osama Bin Laden was the main cause of the major concerns the western world chose to monitor because of the terror attacks he caused. As a male Muslim in a developed country, I have encountered fears expressed on other individuals I interact or even come across (Wade, Kayann and Hunter 55). An imminent cultural conflict, and the resulting need for security from Islamic assailants, normally occurs at public places that I visit, or fellow colleagues that interact with me (Wade, Kayann and Hunter 74). Moderate democracy and worldwide capitalism form the main issues I address to individuals who express fear in my presence or ideas, because of the media images they are exposed to on a daily basis. Developing a sense of belonging in a culture is an essential part of every person’s maturity. Every individual’s self-conception forms part of a one of a kind combination of identifications that define a person. These identifications would significantly contribute to the research thesis and topic since they appear to correspond with every person’s interests. For instance, gender, religion or ethnicities are proper examples of identifications expound on culture. I volunteered in the formation of a blog entitled â€Å"Jihad watch.† This blog will assist in the sharing of various ideas concerning the Islam culture and religion, recent affairs and improvements, and experiences in interaction with the outer world. My

The changing role of hr management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The changing role of hr management - Essay Example Starbucks and Southwest Airlines are the perfect examples of such companies, where globalization and change in business trends have modified the traditional roles of HR management. Let us discuss how each of these factors affects the role of HR management in the 21st century. Globalization â€Å"Globalization is said to bring people of all nations closer together, especially through a common medium like the economy or the Internet† (Ellis-Christensen, 2011). Globalization has opened new dimensions and areas of consideration for the HR managers of the today’s world. Globalization has put a significant impact on the role of HR management in the success of a company. Today, any company or organization wants to expand its business to the international world in order to increase productivity and profitability, and when a company plans to go global, the management of that company needs to consider many important factors related to business, such as, different cultures, langua ges, social behaviors, and employment and government laws. The role of HR management changes when a company plans to operate the business in foreign countries. ... treme importance to the understanding of international cultures and languages because it plays a critical role in the international success of multinational companies. Another important factor to which today’s HR managers give extreme importance is international employment laws. When a company goes global, the management needs to consider international employment laws while setting up employment plans for the international employees. Technology The advancement in the field of technology has led the focus of HR managers towards hiring highly technical employees for the companies. When a company starts making use of new and latest technology for running any specific business activity, such as, manufacturing, it needs to hire such employees who should be skilled in using that technology. Today, HR managers prefer highly skilled and technical candidates as compared to such candidates who are although high qualified but not skilled enough to make use of technology. Moreover, inform ation technology has also played a role in changing the role of HR management in the today’s business world. Information technology provides managers with such software products and applications, which not only assist them in doing performance appraisal but also helps in improving the overall human resource management. In the past, keeping record of large-scale human resources was not an easy task (Rankonda, 2010). The human resource management system (HRMS) is an example of information technology, which not only assists human resource managers in keeping large records but also helps them in carrying out many tasks, such as, keeping attendance, labor distribution, automated record keeping, and many other tasks. Ethics â€Å"Business ethics is the behavior that a business adheres to in its daily

Tsunami Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Tsunami - Essay Example In general, tsunamis normally consist of a sequence of waves which occur in stages ranging from minutes to hours and these arrive in what is usually referred to as a wave train (â€Å"Tsunami Fact-ite†). The height of tsunami waves, which are tens of meters high, can be generated by large events in the ocean, and although their brunt tends to be limited to shoreline areas, they have a massive power of devastation and they can also affect whole ocean basins. There are two ways through which tsunamis cause damage and one of these is the force of smashing water, which travels at high speeds. The other is the destructive power of large volumes of water which drain off the land, and takes everything with it, even if the wave that brought this water to land did not seem to be huge. While everyday wind waves have a wavelength of about a hundred meters and a height of roughly two meters, a tsunami in the deep ocean has a wavelength of about two hundred kilometers and such a wave may travel at well over eight hundred kilometers per hour (Nelson, 2). Owing to this huge wavelength the wave fluctuation at any given position takes  20 to 30  minutes to finish a cycle and has amplitude of only about one meter, which makes tsunamis exceedingly difficult to notice over deep water, and, in fact, many ships rarely notice their passage. A large tsunami may bring with it numerous waves, which arrive in interludes of hours, often having a certain term between the wave lengths (â€Å"Water Waves and Tsunamis†). It is a proven fact that the first wave to reach the coastline may not necessarily have a high run up and instead, those which come after it may have higher ones. About eighty percent of all tsunamis take place in the Pacific Ocean, but there is also a high possibility of them occurring whenever there is a unusually large water body, and this includes some lakes. Tsunamis have come to be some of the most feared natural

Operations and Business Systems Management Research Paper

Operations and Business Systems Management - Research Paper Example Cadbury’s have been a renowned English manufacturer of chocolate products for more than 100 years. Today, as Cadbury – Schweppes, the firm is a major food products conglomerate, but one with very deep roots. Indeed, the current mission statement of the company echoes the philosophy of John Cadbury, the committed Quaker who founded the company in 1794. Cadbury’s mission stresses on many objectives. It also explicitly sets out a commitment to encourage the personal fulfillment of employees and a major thrust is given to customer satisfaction. How the company manages its different processes as such – manufacturing, distribution, etc and its various operations and sub-operations would be detailed here. There have been a large number of strategic decisions and a operational research and development involved in making the products a huge success throughout the world. The emphasis was laid not only on the major operations of manufacturing, marketing and distributing but also on a large number of sub-operations which are essential in very process. Cadbury is now market leader in UK chocolate confectionery, with worldwide exports and volume is continuing to increase by about ten percent per year. Volume in general refers to the number of times an operation has to deliver a service or product. The usual descriptors for the volume dimension are high volume, medium volume and low volume. The distinction between these three categories is usually drawn on a subjective basis. The firm deals with high volume operations.... The firm deals with high volume operations supplying repetitive or standardized products and services. This allows for repeatability, specialization and systemization usually resulting in relatively low unit costs. Higher volume operations can gain efficiency by breaking down the tasks into small units so staff specializes in only a small part of the total work. It is a known fact that volume is the inverse of variety. A low variety market is by definition high volume. Operations can be set up to produce a single product or service, or a range of very similar products, very efficiently. There is no need to allow for variation in material, specification or process. Indeed Cadbury's deal with similar products mostly chocolate based - cocoa, drinking chocolate, chocolate bars and so on, thus the operations could be set up to produce them more effectively and efficiently. The major challenge here would be global deployment of a set of volume products. This could also be overcome if correct measures are taken and right strategies are being followed. Similarly, the greater the variety of product or services produced, the more flexible the operation has to be. Flexibility can be seen as a response to two types of stimuli - variety and uncertainty. Variety indicates the necessity of the processes to adopt a range of operating conditions. For example, to cope with the existing range of service parts, components or products, to adapt products or services to varying customer requirements, to be able to adjust output levels to cope with seasonality, or to be able to expedite orders to different levels of priority. Initially, Cadbury Ltd sold only tea, coffee, cocoa and drinking

Do The Right Thing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Do The Right Thing - Essay Example The confrontation eventually devolves into the three of them arguing over who should sweep the area. This is indicative of the larger thematic elements of the film, as rather than reaching a solid conclusion the confrontation just falls into this unresolved absurd state. The next notable conflict occurs at 14:20 in the film. This conflict is between an elderly African American gentleman and the Korean convenience store owners over alcohol products. The conflict never reaches a clear resolution as the man angrily submits, and there are underlining racial tensions in the argument. In having no clear resolution, the scene greatly contributes to this thematic tendency of resisting binary thinking. This conflict, in a non-racial sense, occurs outside the store, when a woman confronts the man for drinking the alcohol and he chastises her for not being civil. Like a stream of consciousness flow the film then cuts to Rosie Perez inside her apartment arguing with her mother over undisclosed, yet unresolved elements. At 20:00 a customer confronts Sal about not having African American pictures on his wall. This conflict has the most racial undertones yet in the film, and results with the man being thrown out of the restaurant. Even as the reason behind the conflict appears racial, the film demonstrates that there is no easy solution to the conflict.

Rebranding Selfridges Brand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Rebranding Selfridges Brand - Essay Example This is because the various branding associated to the department store has the ability of attracting various customers who poses different taste and preferences. Therefore, it is of very key importance to rebrand various brands of products offered by the department store in order to increase sales and profits by attracting more customers. This essay will focus on rebranding Selfridges brand known as Miss Selfridges (Honeycombe, 1984). Today, there are many cases focusing on women who are abused or have been abused both within the country and globally. The healing process for these abused women is always a difficult journey as most of them always end up loosing their self esteem hence failing in all major sectors in life. To address this, Selfridges started a brand known as Miss Selfridges which was aimed giving these abused self esteem in the society through their dressing. The brand focuses on delivering various clothe wear for women ranging from wedding dresses, Selfridges loves or such dressings like summer denim amongst other types of clothing. These clothe wears are always designed to cheer mood of make women feel young, beautiful and sexy again hence allowing them to continue with life normally accomplishing their different task while enjoying a strong self esteem brought about by the different women’s wear (Our heritage. 2015). However, in spite of the brand doing good in the market, it has faced some stiff competition form such companies or designers in the region who also produce similar products like the Marks and Spencer. This store in spite of having a strong brand and enjoying a strong customer loyalty in the market, it also produces women wears which helps in raising and building confidence of women in different situations. A good example of the products that are being produced and sold by this store is ladies underwear. Moreover, the kind of advertising being used by this company has really yielded positive fruits for the sale s

Reform of United Nation Security Council Literature review

Reform of United Nation Security Council - Literature review Example The council also settles disputes among member nations, and to attain this, military option may be resorted. The Council has 15 members, 5 are permanent while the 10 are non-permanent members (Kugel 2009). The non-permanent members are elected by the General Assembly and hold office for a term of two years (Kugel 2009). The five permanent members are China, France, Russia, UK and USA (Kugel 2009). Through the application of sanctions, the council can pressure an erring nation to cease from committing violence or aggression. Sanctions are imposed when diplomatic actions fail to restore peace in an area (Security Council Sanctions n.d.). The decisions of the Security Council are embodied in resolutions approved by majority of the members of the Council (Security Council Sanctions n.d.). Areas for Reform Considerations over introducing some reforms in the Council have started almost at the time of its creation. The increase in the composition of permanent members has also been suggested (Kugel 2009). For instance, the current permanent membership does not represent all the nations based on geographical consideration taking into account the changing geo-political realities (Kugel 2009). The move is also congruent with the attempt to make representation of all the member states more democratic (Kugel 2009). ... The Council really proved ineffective on several issues during the Cold War since two of the permanent members were involved in this conflict. The two primary reform issues that have emerged concern the increasing number of members and the procedural rules in conducting its business. The membership issue also includes the voting system and structure. Amending the voting structure or composition of the Council may not be easily achieved since they would require the amendment of the UN Charter, and a quorum of two-thirds in the General Assembly (Kugel 2009). In the Assembly, permanent members can block the proposed amendments. During the General Assembly meeting in September 2008, the reform discussion deadlock was ended when members agreed to transfer the discussions from the Working Group to the intergovernmental negotiations in an informal plenary of the Assembly through resolution 62/557. The agreed agenda for reform mentioned in the resolution include: membership categories, veto power and concerns, regional representation, size of an expanded Council, working methods and procedures, and the Council’s relationship with the General Assembly (Kugel 2009). Changes in the Security Council Although the UN Security Council has been in existence for several decades now, it is still undergoing reforms to make it more efficient. The desired outcome of its sanctions may have an adverse effect upon the other nations. For instance, a sanction can affect the vulnerable sectors in the population or economy of another country (Security Council Sanctions n.d.). Thus, it is continually amending and refining its design and implementation so that collateral effects may be lessened. The refinements include