Natural gas as source of energy

Natural gas as source of energy ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I Munish kumar of B.Tech MBA (IT) want to express my intense feeling and experienced that I had while making this term paper. I am really thankful to our Chemistry Mam Mrs. Sonika who not only give us this term paper to do but also widen our view in respective topic. Last but not the least, I would like to thanks my friends who not only encourage me but also helped in completing this term paper. Introduction to Natural gas : as a source of energy It is a mixture of hydrocarbons (molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen and gases (most notably methane, ethane, propane, and butane) that exist naturally in rocks beneath the surface of the earth. it is widely used as a heating source, and in some cases specific portions of the natural gas are used as starting materials in industrial processes. natural gas is the product of the decaying of living matter over millions of years. specific conditions (including low oxygen levels) are necessary for this to occur. the hydrogen gases are trapped in geological formations known as anticlines. each of the major hydrocarbon components of natural gas is used as a fuel source.before natural gas can be used as a fuel, it must undergo extensive processing to remove almost all materials other than methane. the by-products of that processing include ethane, propane, butanes, pentanes and higher molecular weight hydrocarbons, elemental sulfur, and sometimes helium and nitrogen.natural gas is a versatile source of energy, which can be used by different actors. heating and electricity generation have been the main traditional uses. Description/technical characteristics Natural gas is colourless, odourless, tasteless, shapeless and lighter than air. it is gaseous at any temperature over -161Â ° c. when it is at its natural state, it is not possible to see or smell natural gas. for safety reasons, a chemical odorant that smells a little like rotten eggs, mercaptan, is added to natural gas so that it can be smelled if there is a gas leak. Natural gas is a mixture of light hydrocarbons including methane, ethane, propane, butanes and pentanes. Other compounds found in natural gas include co2, helium, hydrogen sulphide and nitrogen. the composition of natural gas is never constant, however, the primary component of natural gas is methane (typically, at least 90%), which has a simple hydrocarbon structure composed of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms (ch4). methane is highly flammable, burns easily and almost completely, while it emits very little air pollution. natural gas is neither corrosive nor toxic, its ignition temperature is high, and it has a narrow flammability range, making it an inherently safe fossil fuel compared to other fuel sources. in addition, because of its specific gravity of 0.60, lower than that of air (1.00), natural gas rises if escaping, thus dissipating from the site of any leak. The carbon and hydrogen in natural gas are thought to have originated from the remains of plants and animals that were accumulated at the bottom of lakes and oceans over millions of years. After having been buried under huge layers of other sediments, the organic material is transformed into crude oil and natural gas as a result of the high pressure from the layers of sediments and the heat from the earths core. The oil and gas are then squeezed out of the marine shales in which they were deposited, and from there go into porous sedimentary rocks. oil and gas migrates upward through the porous rock, as it is less dense than the water, which fills the pores. Several different types of oil and gas traps exist. Occurance of natural gas Natural gas is found throughout the world in reservoirs deep beneath the surface of the earth and floor of the oceans. It forms as pockets of gas over crude oil deposits or is trapped in porous rock formations. Natural gas can be found in oil deposits, as associated natural gas, although non-associated natural gas is often found without the presence of oil. When natural gas is cooled to a temperature of approximately -260Â °f at atmospheric pressure, it condenses to a liquid called liquefied natural gas (lng). One volume of this liquid takes up about 1/600th the volume of natural gas. lng weighs less than one-half that of water, actually about 45% as much. lng is odourless, colourless, non-corrosive, and non-toxic. When vaporized it burns only in concentrations of 5% to 15% when mixed with air. Neither lng, nor its vapour, can explode in an unconfined environment. Since lng takes less volume and weight, natural gas is liquefied for ease of storing and transporting. Natural gas is considered as a clean fuel because of its environmentally friendly properties: commercialised natural gas is practically sulphur free and thus it produces virtually no sulphur dioxide (so2), natural gas emits lower levels of nitrogen oxides (nox) emissions than oil or coal and emissions of carbon dioxide (co2) are less than those of other fossil fuels (according to eurogas 40-50% less than coal and 25-30% less than oil).1] Natural gas chemical composition. The primary component of natural gas is methane (ch4), the shortest and lightest hydrocarbon molecule. it may also contain heavier gaseous hydrocarbons such as ethane (c2h6), propane (c3h8) and butane (c4h10), as well as other sulphur containing gases, in varying amounts, see also natural gas condensate Natural gas is used to produce steel, glass, paper, clothing, brick, electricity and as an essential raw material for many common products. Some products that use natural gas as a raw material are: paints, fertilizer, plastics, antifreeze, dyes, photographic film, medicines, and explosives. Slightly more than half of the homes in the United States use natural gas as their main heating fuel. Natural gas is also used in homes to fuel stoves, water heaters, clothes dryers, and other household appliances. The major consumers of natural gas in the United States in 2008 included: Electric power sector 6.7 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) Industrial sector 7.9 Tcf Residential sector 4.9 Tcf Commercial sector 3.1 Tcf Storage of natural gas in smaller fueling locations and on vehicles, natural gas is stored in thick-walled steel, aluminum, or composite tanks built to last more than 20 years. Fossil fuel A fuel that is derived from the decay of plant or animal life; coal, oil, and natural gas are the fossile fuel. fossil fuels are non renewable energy.because they take millions of years to form and reserves are being depleted much faster than new ones are being formed. concern about fossil fuel supplies is one of the causes of regional and global conflicts. the production and use of fossil fuels raise environmental concerns. a global movement toward the generation of renewable energy is therefore under way to help meet increased energy needs. 3] Liquefied natural gas uses as source of energy The ability to liquefy the components of natural gas (either as a mixture or in isolation) has made natural gas much more practical as a energy source.. the liquefaction of natural gass components of the different boiling points of methane, ethane, and other gases as a way of purifying each substance. a combination of refrigeration and increased pressure allows the individual gases to be stored and transported conveniently. at one time, the natural gas which often accompanied petroleum.in the ground was simply burned off as a means of getting rid of it. recently, however, this gas has been collected, liquefied and used along with the petroleum.4] Residential uses as source of energy Residential applications are the most commonly known use of natural gas. it can be used for cooking, washing and drying, water warming, heating and air conditioning. domestic appliances are increasingly improved in order to use natural gas more economically and safely. operating costs of natural gas equipment are generally lower than those of other energy sources. Commercial uses as source of energy Main commercial uses of natural gas are food service providers, hotels, healthcare facilities or office buildings. commercial applications include cooling (space conditioning and refrigeration), cooking or heating. Compressed natural gas as a source of energy Compressed natural gas (cng) is a fossil fuel substitute for gasoline (petrol), diesel, or propane fuel. cng is made by compressing natural gas (which is mainly composed of methane [ch4]), to less than 1% of its volume at standard atmospheric pressure. it is stored and distributed in hard containers, at a normal pressure of 200-220 bar (2900-3200 psi), usually in cylindrical or spherical shapes.CNG is used in traditional gasoline internal combustion engine cars that have been converted into bi-fuel vehicles. Uses as source of energy for transportation Natural gas vehicles (ngvs) NGVS are natural gas powered vehicles. natural gas can be used as a motor vehicle fuel in two ways: as compressed natural gas (CNG), which is the most common form, and as liquefied natural gas. natural gas vehicles fleet accounts for about one and a half million vehicles worldwide (according to the international natural gas vehicles association). concerns about air quality in most parts of the world are increasing the interest in using natural gas as a fuel for vehicles. cars using natural gas are estimated to emit 20% less greenhouse gases than gasoline or diesel cars. these vehicles are not a new technology since they have been used since the 1930s. in many countries ngvs are introduced to replace buses, taxis and other public vehicle fleets. natural gas in vehicles is inexpensive and convenient. Rating in world in transportation fuel Compressed natural gas (methane) is a cleaner alternative to other automobile fuels such as gasoline (petrol) and diesel. as of 2008 there were 9,6 million natural gas vehicles worldwide, led by pakistan (2.0 million), argentina (1.7 million), brazil (1.6 million), iran (1.0 million), and india (650 thousand).[12][13] the energy efficiency is generally equal to that of gasoline engines, but lower compared with modern diesel engines. gasoline/petrol vehicles converted to run on natural gas suffer because of the low compression ratio of their engines, resulting in a cropping of delivered power while running on natural gas (10%-15%). cng-specific engines, however, use a higher compression ratio due to this fuels higher octane number of 120-130. Hydrates Hydrateshuge quantities of natural gas (primarily methane) exist in the form of hydrates under sediment on offshore continental shelves and on land in arctic regions that experience permafrost such as those in siberia (hydrates require a combination of high pressure and low temperature to form). however, as of 2009[update] no technology has been developed to produce natural gas economically from hydrates. Domestic use as a source of energy Natural gas is supplied to homes, where it is used for such purposes as cooking in natural gas-powered ranges and/or ovens, natural gas-heated clothes dryers, heating/cooling and central heating. home or other building heating may include boilers, furnaces, and water heaters. cng is used in rural homes without connections to piped-in public utility services, or with portable grills. however, due to cng being less economical than lpg, lpg (propane) is the dominant source of rural gas5]. Biogas part of natural gas When methane-rich gases are produced by the anaerobic decay of non-fossil organic matter (biomass), these are referred to as biogas (or natural biogas). sources of biogas include swamps, marshes, and landfills (see landfill gas), as well as sewage sludge and manure[4] by way of anaerobic digesters, in addition to enteric fermentation particularly in cattle. Town gas Town gas is a mixture of methane and other gases, mainly the highly toxic carbon monoxide, that can be used in a similar way to natural gas and can be produced by treating coal chemically. this is a historic technology, still used as best solution in some local circumstances, although coal gasification is not usually economic at current gas prices. however, depending upon infrastructure considerations, it remains a future possibility POWER GENRATION Power generation electric utilities and independent power producers are increasingly using natural gas to provide energy for their power plants. in general, gas fuelled power plants have lower capital costs, are built faster, work more efficiently and emit less pollution than other fossil fuel power plants. technological improvements in design, efficiency and operation of combined cycle gas turbines and co-generation processes are favouring the use of natural gas in power generation. a combined-cycle power plant uses waste heat to produce more electricity, while natural gas co-generation, also called combined heat and power, produces power and heat that is useful for industry as well as commercial users. this cogeneration reduces pollution emission considerably. Fuel cells A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that combines hydrogen fuel and oxygen from the air to produce electricity, heat and water. fuel cells operate without combustion, so they are virtually pollution free. since the fuel is converted directly to electricity, a fuel cell can operate at much higher efficiencies than internal combustion engines, extracting more electricity from the same amount of fuel. the fuel cell itself has no moving parts, making it a quiet and reliable source of power. natural gas is one of the multiple fuels on which fuel cells can operate. In industries as a source of energy natural gas is used as an input to manufacture pulp and paper, metals, chemicals, stone, clay, glass, and to process certain foods. gas is also used to treat waste materials, for incineration, drying, dehumidification, heating and cooling, and cogeneration. Advantages of natural gase Natural gas is more environmentally friendly that coal or oil. it is composed of methane, which has just one carbon, producing very low carbon emissions. natural gas emits an estimated 70% less carbon dioxide that other fuels. natural gas burns cleaner than heating oil, and does not leave product, like ash, behind. Natural gas is very popular, and the major source of energy for most consumers. it is conveniently pumped to homes across the country through a network of underground pipeline. it is provided through a local providers and utility companies. 6] Cost-effective Natural gas is more cost-effective because it is in abundant supply in the united states. this is further proven because natural gas, as opposed to oil, is not required for import from foreign countries. Disadvantages One disadvantage, credited as an advantage as well, is the environmental impact. experts on both sided argue these facts. it is cleaner to burn. however, natural gas is also a non-renewable resource. its use and availability is finite, as opposed to coal or oil. many critics also say natural gas extraction is leaving large craters within the earth. Combustible Due to its make-up, natural gas is combustible and easily explosive if handled improperly. with a leak, the gas builds up within a room or structure. when that gas is ignited it causes an explosion. the severity of the explosion depends upon the amount of the leak. Natural gas is toxic if inhaled, leading to severe health risk or even death. BIBILOGRAPHY:- www.ehow.com www.naturalgas.org http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/kids/energy.cfm?page=natural_gas_home-basics http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter08.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas http://www.consumerenergycenter.org/transportation/afvs/cng.html www.ornl.gov/reporter/no16/methane.htm http://www.getenergyaware.org/energy-natural-gas.asp http://www.kidzworld.com/article/1423-fossil-fuel-energy

Arranged Marriages Essay

Love is a many splendored thing: well that’s what I’ve heard. Eyes meet, birds sing, hearts beat and the world turns upside down; unless you are in a arranged marriage. Only the parents are happy, and of course we want our parents to be happy but at whose expense? For centuries arranged marriages were a tradition and in some cultures they still are. There may be a good reason why arranged marriages are good for the people in the east. However today, arranged marriages are still ongoing because it’s traditional, I don’t think that’s a good tradition. I mean celebrating New Years Eve in Times Square New York is a good tradition. It’s a good tradition because I feel and know that no one ever gets hurt celebrating New Years Eve. Arranged marriages can hurt and deny a persons certain civil rights. There are plenty of cultures where there are no such things as civil or human rights but it still doesn’t make it right. Arranged marriages are a tradition from a past era, I believe that arranged marriages are a way of controlling people, especially women. Around the world there has been a custom or tradition of subjugating women. Eastern cultures or religions believe that it is their right to make women 2nd class citizens. To me it means much more, like controlling a life. If you have the desire to control women and to control their lives start with the marriage. In the western societies they tend to frown upon that kind of control inflicted upon women. I’m sure that women tend to frown upon that as well, any control over anyone is frowned upon. There must be a certain lack of respect for both the bride and groom in arranged marriages, these marriage ideas might be old but who said that they’re a good idea? Some traditions should be destroyed faster than a Scotsman can clean out a free bar at a wedding reception. Arranged marriages are one of those traditions. Romeo and Juliet is a classic example of why arranged marriages are outdated and ends in tragedy. Those times required most young women and men to enter into a relationship, that weren’t of their own choice, but their parents. You would not think that in today’s society that arranged marriages still existed, however the parents are still planning their children’s life; albeit, the children are adults. The purpose of this is to maintain the wealth for both families. If the case was that a young girl was being made to marry a adult male, that is being labelled as paedophilia. Yet in India or in the east it is still ongoing and it doesn’t make a difference, here in England it’s a different story for that matter and is illegal. These children are brainwashed into believing that this is normal and that love or any other emotion is not their right but to blindly allow the wishes of their parents. We have not stepped forward in time but have fallen into biblical proportions. That may have sounded too descriptive (biblical proportions), but we have to realize that in biblical times children were married off to other family members for the purpose of continuing their ancestors and that was thousands of years ago and yet it’s still happening in today’s society. One might consider that arranged marriages are more like a business deal than a true marriage, often with the engaged couple being used as pawns on a chess game. Marriage should not be only a business proposition. Call me a hopeless romantic but I don’t believe that two people can be truly happy together unless it was themselves who saw valuable qualities in their partner, what is more is that it completely defies the law of nature. More importantly a marriage should be based on usual trust and affection, as well as common goals. Anything less than that and all you end up with is an emotionless, false union. Arranged marriages are a mockery or the true nature of marriage, a worthless document to be filed into our court systems. What is love? That is said to be one of the hardest questions to be answered as many people don’t know what it is. In all truth I don’t think anyone knows the answer unless they are in love and even so it’s a unexplainable feeling that someone can’t describe to another. You can only know what it is when you are in it. In a arranged marriage I feel that you can’t find that love feeling between the two people in the relationship. As I said earlier we do want to make our parents happy and yes they’re the ones that know what’s best for us and only want us to make the right decisions. But I don’t think they know or understand that even though they might think the man/women we’re going to marry may not be the right choice, we’re in love with them. Whatever love is. We care about them and at the time you know that you want to be with them for the rest of your life and most importantly they’re yours forever and you’re theirs. And it doesn’t matter what people say and if they disagree with your choice. Because you know what you want and that’s him/her. But this is not what you get in a arranged marriage. In a arranged marriage I would imagine that the woman would feel somehow trapped, that’s how I’d feel if I was in the situation. I’d be so cooped up on trying to keep my parents happy and not being able to express how I felt to anyone and would feel as if it were my duty. â€Å"If more couples were matched up through class, education, family background, life goals and earnings† That’s quoted from a women called Aneela Rahman. She was on BBC’s 2 programme ‘Arrange Me a Marriage’. The programme was about finding a partner for each contestant she had, she had one month to match someone with another. Traditions are one thing but outdated, irrational, new age slavery is another thing, I realize that whether you marry for love or not, it can either turn out good or bad, but there should be the opportunity of choice not mandatory rule. On the whole I am against arranged marriages. I think that it is not needed to please parents and not the actual bride and groom. If you want your children to get married and fall in love then let them do it in their own time. It’s not something that can be rushed into and found straight away or first time round. Love should be experienced and not just felt.

Chemical Structures Starting with the Letter F

Dantean Allegory In Dante And Joyces Inferno - 973 Words

The key to appreciating Joyce’s use of Dantean allegory is found in identifying the relevant Joycean motifs, the recurrent thematic conceits informing his characters and their philosophies. One method of analysis, which highlights the verity and significance of a shared allegory of paralysis in Dante and Joyce, demonstrates the strength of the claim by means of reviewing the weakest possible examples. In this way, one examines individual Joycean images (however much they are repeated throughout the text) that singularly fail to point at paralysis, per se. However, if analyzed through the lens of contextual reading, and if interrogated specifically as they may enjoy certain Dantean reflections, nonetheless render startlingly clear†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"’Derevaun Seraun! Derevaun Seraun!’† (Joyce 33): Eveline cannot get the memory of her mother’s final nonsensical refrain-before-death out of her mind, which she utters 12 times before dyi ng. Analyzed alongside a poignant moment from Canto XXXII, wherein the giant Nimrod, chained taunt to the walls of the Ninth Circle, immobilized and driven insane by the punishment, babbles incessantly (the likewise meaningless â€Å"Raphà ¨l mai amà ¨cche zabà ¬ almi!†), we see a Dantean parallel in Joyce’s text driven home by the similarities of the next scene, wherein Eveline considers the moral, spiritual, and philosophical consequences of running away upon her mother’s death. Recalling that the scene progression of Inferno has Virgil chastise Nimrod for his outburst, just as Eveline mentally chastises her mother (â€Å"What nonsense! Mad unto death, and no less deserved for it!†), so as Antaus lowers Virgil and Dante onto the floor of Hell, the